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Learn the science behind the controls

Start with intuition, then reveal the math when you want it.

Gravity

Gravity changes velocity continuously. Near the Moon's surface the acceleration is about 1.62 m/s².

gMoon ≈ 1.62 m/s²

Thrust

Thrust is a force. Acceleration depends on both thrust and current spacecraft mass: a = F/m.

a = F / m

Orbital motion

An orbit is continuous free fall. At a given radius, circular orbital speed is v = √(GM/r).

v = √(GM/r)

Rocket equation

Finite propellant limits maneuvering. Available delta-v follows Δv = Isp × g0 × ln(m0/mf).

Δv = Isp × g0 × ln(m0/mf)